Why Australia lacks ant-eating woodpeckers

Why Australia lacks ant-eating woodpeckers

Despite its apparent abundance of ants, Australia is devoid of all woodpeckers. One real reason is that even the most conspicuous ants can be unproductive. Prof. Mumblebard claims: “The reason there are no woodpeckers in Australia is that these birds were unable to...
A salutary trade for seed-dispersing animals

A salutary trade for seed-dispersing animals

Zanthoxylum Clava-herculis © Wikimedia Commons Certain plants, like Zanthoxylum above (Wikipedia Commons), have seeds dispersed by animals without the usual rewards of sugary fruit-pulp or oily arils. The real payment is vital although it seems intangible. Prof....
A continent mysteriously lacking tortoises

A continent mysteriously lacking tortoises

Baby gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) © Chris Potin, via Wikimedia Commons Testudines failed to colonise dry land on the world’s largest island because of its combination of salt and fire. Prof. Mumblebard claims: “Australia is the only vegetated continent...
The failure of bats in New Zealand

The failure of bats in New Zealand

The apparent failure of bats to fill empty niches in New Zealand is owing to the ecological unsuitability of these islands for mammals. Prof. Mumblebard claims: “Bats didn’t evolve to fill flying or flightless niches in New Zealand because birds pre-empted them.”...
Unintended consequences of vaccinations

Unintended consequences of vaccinations

Young girl about to receive a vaccine in her upper arm © Heather Hazzan Vaccination prevents epidemics by boosting immunity, but vaccinated populations of humans and the domestic dog experience excessive immunity in the form of allergies and anaphylaxis. Prof....
Lack of Australian gophers is no historical accident

Lack of Australian gophers is no historical accident

Rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster) © ZooPro, via Wikimedia Commons The absence of gopher-like mammals in Australia is not owing to genetic constraints because this continent has produced moles and fossorial large herbivores from marsupial stock, and an amphibious...