Frog eyes

Frog eyes

Lithobates pipiens photo © Pdudant The bulging eyes of water and tree frogs differ more than they look. Prof. Mumblebard claims: “Semi-aquatic frogs have dorsally protuberant eyes placed above the level of the skull. This allows the animals to hide in water while...
Unintended consequences of vaccinations

Unintended consequences of vaccinations

Young girl about to receive a vaccine in her upper arm © Heather Hazzan Vaccination prevents epidemics by boosting immunity, but vaccinated populations of humans and the domestic dog experience excessive immunity in the form of allergies and anaphylaxis. Prof....
Lack of Australian gophers is no historical accident

Lack of Australian gophers is no historical accident

Rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster) © ZooPro, via Wikimedia Commons The absence of gopher-like mammals in Australia is not owing to genetic constraints because this continent has produced moles and fossorial large herbivores from marsupial stock, and an amphibious...
The failure of bats in New Zealand

The failure of bats in New Zealand

The apparent failure of bats to fill empty niches in New Zealand is owing to the ecological unsuitability of these islands for mammals. Prof. Mumblebard claims: “Bats didn’t evolve to fill flying or flightless niches in New Zealand because birds pre-empted them.”...